Taxonomy of Cognitive Process Dimensions
Cognitive Process |
Description of learning |
Associated verbs |
Sample prompts |
|---|---|---|---|
Remember |
retrieve, recognize, and recall relevant facts / concepts. |
cite, define, describe, draw, identify, indicate, label, list, name, outline, quote, recall, recite, recognize, reproduce, underline |
Identify correct vocabulary definitions; Recall definitions; Recite safety rules; Label a diagram from memory; Define terms ... |
Understand |
construct meaning from oral, written, and graphic messages. |
abstract, approximate, articulate, categorize, clarify, classify, compare, construct model, contrast, convert, depict graphically, differentiate, discuss, estimate, exemplify, explain, extend, extrapolate, factor, generalize, illustrate, infer, instantiate, interpret, map, match, paraphrase, predict, represent, summarize, translate |
Explain the steps for [performing complex disciplinary task] in your own words; Give an example of each of the following…; Analyze [discipline-specific] data to... |
Apply |
use concepts or ideas to solve a specific problem. |
adapt, allocate, assign, carry out, complete, compute, construct, customize, demonstrate, derive, determine, dramatize, employ, execute, exercise, graph, implement, manipulate, operate, personalize, plot, prepare, sequence, show, simulate, solve, transcribe, use |
Select the correct [theoretical] model to analyze a given data set; Illustrate the process for proper equipment use; Write an explanation about topic for others; Demonstrate [disciplinary-specific] techniques |
Analyze |
break material into constituent parts in order to discover relationships among parts and to the whole. |
appraise, attribute, break down, characterize, correlate, deconstruct, diagnose, diagram, differentiate, discriminate, dissect, distinguish, focus, illustrate, inventory, organize, parse, prioritize, query, select, separate, sequence, structure, transform |
Troubleshoot a problem with equipment; Distinguish between [theories / methods] within a disciplinary framework; Review a work of art in terms of form, performance, color, and texture |
Evaluate |
make judgments using criteria or standards. |
appraise, argue, assess, check, conclude, confirm, construct, counsel, critique, debate, defend, detect, determine, dispute, editorialize, judge, justify, measure, monitor, rank, rate, recommend, support, test, validate, verify |
Review a journal article; Write a letter to [stakeholder] expressing views on [discipline-specific concept]; Evaluate and recommend … based on given criteria; Judge the effectiveness of a sampling procedure |
Create |
generate and combine diverse components into a coherent and functional whole. |
animate, assemble, budget, code, compile, compose, cultivate, design, devise, facilitate, format, formulate, generate, hypothesize, imagine, improve, invent, modify, plan, portray, produce , program, propose, revise, rewrite |
Write an operations manual; Design a machine to perform a specific task; Create a plan to market a new product; Compose a musical piece, given specific guidelines |